告别曼德拉: 你曾是和平与正义的象征(1)

Nelson Mandela, who rose from militant antiapartheid activist to become the unifying president of a democratic South Africa and a global symbol of racial reconciliation, died at his Johannesburg home following a lengthy stay at a Pretoria hospital, President Jacob Zuma said Thursday. He was 95.

南非总统祖马(Jacob Zuma)周四宣布，纳尔逊?曼德拉(Nelson Mandela)在位于约翰内斯堡的家中去世，享年95岁。曼德拉曾是积极投身反种族隔离制度的活动人士，后来成为在实现了民主的南非使各方团结在一起的总统。同时他也是全球种族和解的一个象征。曼德拉去世前在比勒陀利亚的一家医院长期住院治疗。

'He passed on peacefully,' Mr. Zuma said in a state television address. 'This is a moment of our deepest sorrow. Our nation has lost its greatest son.'

祖马在国有电视台发表讲话说，他平静地走了，此时此刻我们悲痛万分。我们的国家失去了它最伟大的儿子。

Mr. Mandela spent nearly three months in the hospital through September, initially to treat a lung infection. It was the latest in a series of increasingly severe ailments South Africa's first black president had battled since contracting tuberculosis during his nearly three decades in prison for opposing the former white-minority regime.

在截至9月份的近三个月中，曼德拉一直在住院治疗，最初是因为肺部感染。这位南非首位黑人总统曾因反对少数白人执掌的前政府而入狱，在近30年的牢狱生涯中，曼德拉染上了肺结核，之后一直在与一系列不断加重的病痛作斗争。

After he was discharged, South African officials had said that Mr. Mandela remained in 'critical but stable' condition. But some members of his family acknowledged his precarious state in recent days, even as an admiring nation and well-wishers across the globe started to come to terms with his mortality.

曼德拉出院后，南非官员曾说，曼德拉仍处于“危急但稳定”的状态。但对其充满敬仰的全国人民和全球支持者开始不得不接受他病危的事实，同时他的一些家人近日承认他的病情危重。

Though Mr. Mandela had stepped down from the presidency in 1999, he remained a father figure for a country going through wrenching economic and political change. South Africa's economy has struggled to grow at a modest 2%, well below government targets of 7%, and unemployment among young people is close to 80%. In recent years, protests in predominantly black townships have erupted over poor public services and a dearth of job opportunities. Many young black South Africans, born after the dawn of democracy in 1994, are channeling their frustration toward the current government, led by Mr. Mandela's African National Congress.

尽管曼德拉1999年卸任总统之职，但在经历了艰难的经济和政治变革的南非，他仍是一个国父般的人物。南非的经济增速只有2%，远远低于政府提出的7%的目标，年轻人失业率接近80%。近年来，在居民主要为黑人的城镇，围绕糟糕的公共服务和就业机会的缺乏爆发了抗议活动。南非很多在1994年实现民主制后出生的黑人年轻人开始将失望的情绪发泄到现政府头上。现政府由曼德拉的非洲人国民大会党(African National Congress, 简称：非国大)领导。

It was as a prisoner that Mr. Mandela first became a rallying point for opponents of apartheid. After he was sentenced to life in prison in 1964, he spent more than a quarter-century behind bars, much of it in a maximum-security prison on Robben Island, off the coast of Cape Town.

曼德拉在狱中开始成为反种族隔离人士的号召力人物。1964年他被判终身监禁后，在狱中度过了逾四分之一个世纪的岁月，其中大部分时间被关押在开普敦附近罗本岛(Robben Island)上一个戒备森严的监狱里。

By the time he was released from a different prison in 1990, the tables had been turned. South Africa had become a pariah nation and Mr. Mandela would lead his country's re-embrace of a world that had spurned its racist government.

到1990年他在另外一个监狱被释放时，局势已经扭转。南非已经成为一个不受欢迎的国家，曼德拉将领导他的国家迎来一个推翻了种族主义政府的世界。

With South African President F.W. de Klerk, whom he had met secretly with other apartheid officials in prison, Mr. Mandela would pick apart the machinery of white political domination through painstaking negotiations. Those negotiations laid the groundwork for the election in 1994 of the country's first black president-Mr. Mandela himself.

由于德克勒克(F.W. de Klerk)当时担任南非总统，曼德拉愿通过艰苦谈判来废除这部白人统治政坛的机器。德克勒克与其他反种族隔离官员曾在狱中秘密会见过曼德拉。那些谈判为1994年南非诞生第一位黑人总统──曼德拉本人，奠定了基础。

Mr. Mandela inherited a fractured nation. He led it back from the brink of civil war, forming a government of national unity that demolished apartheid and established a constitution that is one of the most liberal in the world in terms of human rights-outlawing, for example, discrimination based on sexual h Africa later became the first country on the continent to legalize gay marriage.

曼德拉接手的是一个四分五裂的国家。他将这个国家从内战的边缘拉了回来，建立了一个全国统一政府，废除了种族隔离制度，制定了新宪法。从人权角度而言，这是世界上最自由的宪法之一，例如禁止以性取向歧视他人。南非后来成为非洲大陆第一个将同性恋婚姻合法化的国家。

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission he championed hastened the end of racial conflict by granting amnesty in return for testimony, and became a model for ending seemingly intractable conflicts elsewhere. East Timor, Liberia and Peru were among the countries that would follow South Africa's example.

曼德拉支持的真相与和解委员会(Truth and Reconciliation Commission)以特赦换真相的方式加速了南非种族冲突的终结，这也成了世界其它国家结束看似棘手冲突的模式。东帝汶、利比里亚和秘鲁都是愿效仿南非的国家之一。

At the time, Mr. Mandela's tall task was, as he put it, to find the 'middle ground between white fears and black hopes.' But he also needed to reconcile disparate factions within his party, the African National Congress. Some influential ANC leaders wanted to take a tougher line against whites after triumphing at the ballot box, and some argued for a wealth tax to speed the redistribution of the country's resources, according to Verne Harris, a historian at the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, which houses the archives of the former president.

那个时候，曼德拉的艰巨任务，用他自己的话来讲就是，要找到白色恐怖和黑色希望的中间地带。但同时他也需要调和非国大内部不同派系之间的矛盾。纳尔逊?曼德拉记忆中心(Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory)的历史学家哈里斯(Verne Harris)表示，当时一些有影响力的非国大领袖希望在选举获胜后对白人采取更为强硬的态度，另一些人则主张征收财产税以加速南非国民资源的再分配。该中心存放着这位前总统的档案资料。

'There were many who argued the case for tough love-don't make it easy for them,' says Mr. Harris. 'Reconciliation was a beautiful fit for South Africa, but we forget that it wasn't the only approach being discussed at the time.'

哈里斯说，当时有很多人为“爱之深则应责之切”辩解，觉得不能便宜了他们。他说，和解的确是适合南非的良策，但我们忘了，这并不是当时探讨的唯一方法。

During his six decades in the public arena, Mr. Mandela wasn't above precipitous shifts in position. He initially put his faith in Gandhian nonviolence, but when strikes and protests began to seem futile, he founded a band of saboteurs. He believed in obedience to the party, but acted unilaterally at turning points in the advocated nationalizing South Africa's mines, but changed his mind when the stance threatened to deprive a struggling economy of much-needed capital.

活跃在公众领域的60年时间里，曼德拉并不在乎其立场的急剧转变。他最开始相信甘地(Gandhian)的非暴力不合作运动，但当罢工和抗议看似徒劳之后，曼德拉组建了一支破坏者小分队。他认为应该忠诚于非国大，但在斗争出现转折点时却采取了单方面行动。他主张将南非的矿山国有化，但当这个主张可能会使南非举步维艰的经济丧失亟需的资本时，他改变了态度。

Even occasional critics would come to see Mr. Mandela as the political glue that held his party, and later the country, together.

即使偶尔冒出来的一些曼德拉的批评者也开始把曼德拉看作是是凝聚非国大、甚至是后来凝聚整个南非的粘合剂。

Apartheid-era President de Klerk, who would serve as Mr. Mandela's deputy after the country's first democratic vote, said his former adversary 'could be brutal' in negotiations. But the pair, who shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for the country's democratic transition, were able to sell compromises to supporters who differed radically in . de Klerk said in a 2012 speech that the six-foot-four-inch former boxer 'had the stature and the strength to hold his fractious alliance together-even at the most difficult junctures.'

南非种族隔离时代的总统、将在南非第一次民主选举后就任曼德拉政府副总统的德克勒克说，他以前的这个劲敌在谈判时可能会很无情。但他俩却能让将那些对前景看法截然不同的支持者接受和解方案。1993年，德克勒克与曼德拉因促成南非的民主转型共享了诺贝尔和平奖。德克勒克在2012年的一次演讲中说，这位身高六英尺四英寸（约1.83米）的前拳击手有名望和力量将那些倔强的支持者团结在一起，哪怕是处于最困难的关头。

Rolihlahla Mandela-'Nelson' was added when he started school-was born July 18, 1918, to a chief of the Thembu tribe of the Xhosa people in South Africa. He grew up in a village of mud huts and grass rooftops, the floors made of earth smeared with cow dung, in the land known as the Transkei. Women farmed corn, or mealies, pumpkins and beans; men left their families to work on white-owned farms or mines. Blacks at the time had few rights in the new country, founded by white European immigrants known as Afrikaners.

罗利赫拉赫拉?曼德拉(Rolihlahla Mandela)出生于1918年7月18日，“纳尔逊”是他上学后添加的南非科萨人腾布王朝的一酋长的名字。他在特兰斯凯(Transkei)的一个小村子里长大，村房用泥巴制成，茅草覆顶，屋里的地板是抹着牛粪的土地。女人在家种玉米、南瓜和豆子，男人远在外面为白人拥有的农场或矿山打工。那时南非是个由布尔人（白人欧洲移民）新建立起来的一个国家，黑人几乎没有权利可言。

Mr. Mandela was the first in his family to attend school and eventually began working toward a law degree in Johannesburg, a bustling commercial hub. He hoped for a civil-service job in the Native Affairs Department in the government, about as high as a black man could aspire at the time.

曼德拉是他的家庭中第一个有机会上学的人，并最终在南非繁华的商业中心约翰内斯堡开始攻读法学学位。他曾希望在南非的本地事务部(Native Affairs Department)谋得一个公务员的工作，这在当时差不多是一个黑人可能怀有的最大梦想。

His struggle for civil rights involved 'a steady accumulation of one thousand slights, one thousand indignities, one thousand unremembered moments, [that] produced in me an anger, a rebelliousness, a desire to fight the system that impoverished my people,' he wrote in his autobiography.

曼德拉在自传中写道，争取民权的过程包含了一次次轻蔑、一次次侮辱和无数个已被遗忘瞬间的不断积累，正是这些令我愤怒、反抗并渴望打破这个使我的人民陷入贫困的制度。

He joined the African National Congress and helped found its Youth his early years as an activist, Mr. Mandela viewed with deep suspicion the white Communists who he feared would take over the black liberation movement. In one defeated motion, he sought to expel Communist members from the ANC. Another time, Mr. Mandela recounted in his autobiography, he stormed the stage of a Communist Party meeting, tearing up signs and grabbing the microphone. He would mellow in his later years, and would even come to view South Africa's Communists as critical allies and laud a socialist path for development. But unlike many of his fellow ANC leaders, Mr. Mandela distanced himself ideologically from the country's Marxists.

他参加了非国大并帮助成立了非国大的青年团(Youth League)。在作为政治活动家的初期，曼德拉对白人共产党员抱有深深的怀疑，担心他们会接管黑人的解放运动。他曾试图将共产党员从非国大中驱逐出去，但这一动议最终受挫。据曼德拉在自传中描述，还有一次，他曾冲上一个共产党会议的讲台，撕毁标语并抢夺麦克风。后来曼德拉变得更加成熟，甚至将南非共产党视为重要盟友，并赞同社会主义发展道路。但与非国大的其他许多领导人不同，曼德拉与国内的马克思主义者在思想上一直保持着距离。

'I believed that it was an undiluted African nationalism, not Marxism or multiracialism, that would liberate us,' he wrote. The ANC became the center of resistance to apartheid, the South African system of racial segregation, introduced after the National Party came to power in 1948. The system made racial distinctions into law, forbidding interracial relationships, mandating that the races live apart, and requiring that all South Africans be registered by race.

曼德拉写道，我相信纯粹的非洲民族主义才能解放我们，而不是马克思主义或多种族制度。非国大逐渐成为了抵制种族隔离的核心力量。南非的种族隔离制度是在1948年南非国家党(National Party)执政后推出的。这一制度将种族歧视列入法律，禁止异族通婚，规定种族分居，并要求所有南非人进行种族登记。