告别曼德拉: 你曾是和平与正义的象征(2)

In response to the new restrictions, Mr. Mandela helped lead a series of strikes and demonstrations in which members used facilities reserved for whites. For his role in the campaign, Mr. Mandela was banned from appearing in public for three years, until following year, Mr. Mandela and several other executive members of the ANC were charged with high treason and conspiracy to overthrow the state-charges that carried the death penalty.

对于这些新规定，曼德拉参与领导了一系列罢工和示威游行，在这一过程中示威者使用了专为白人准备的设施。由于参与领导了这些运动，曼德拉有三年的时间都被禁止在公开场合露面，直到1955年。之后的一年，曼德拉和其他几位非国大成员都受到了叛国罪以及阴谋推翻政府的指控，这种指控最高可被判处死刑。

The trial was delayed, and in 1961 all the defendants were acquitted. Years of confrontations with authorities, including the Sharpeville massacre of 1960 in which 69 protesters were killed by police, persuaded Mr. Mandela to abandon his commitment to Gandhian nonviolence. He organized a sabotage unit and went underground, disguised as a chef, a chauffeur or a 'garden boy' with blue overalls and round glasses.

但审判被推迟，到1961年所有被告人都被无罪释放。多年来与政府当局的对抗，包括1960年的沙佩维尔大屠杀（69名抗议者被警察杀害），促使曼德拉放弃了非暴力不合作运动的承诺。他组建了一支破坏者小分队，并开始地下活动。为了伪装身份，曼德拉假扮成厨师、司机以及身穿蓝布工装裤、佩戴圆眼镜的园林工人。

Mr. Mandela was arrested in 1962 and put on trial for inciting strikes. Rather than defend himself against the charges, he indicted the apartheid state in a four-hour speech that became one of the founding texts of a postapartheid state. He was sentenced to five years in prison.

曼德拉于1962年被捕，并因煽动罢工而受到了审判。在长达四个小时的陈述中，曼德拉并没有为自己辩护，而是对种族隔离制度进行了控诉。这篇讲话后来成为后种族隔离时代的纲领性文件之一。曼德拉最终被判处五年监禁。

Months later, he was charged with sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, a capital crime, after a police raid on a Johannesburg farmhouse turned up plans for guerrilla warfare in South Africa. This time he was sentenced to life in prison, along with seven other ANC members.

几个月后，由于警方在对约翰内斯堡一个农场的突袭中找到了有关南非游击战的计划，曼德拉受到了蓄意破坏以及阴谋推翻政府的指控，而这是一项死罪。这一次，曼德拉与其他七名非国大成员被判处终身监禁。

At the opening of what became known as the Rivonia trial, Mr. Mandela delivered another long speech that ended with his vision for a new South Africa, and what he was willing to sacrifice for it.

在著名的利沃尼亚大审判开始时，曼德拉发表了另一个长篇演讲，并以他对一个新南非的愿景作为结尾。他表示愿意为建立一个新南非而牺牲自己的生命。

'During my lifetime, I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die,' he said.

他说，我一生专注于非洲人民的斗争。我反抗白人统治，也反抗黑人统治。我怀着能让所有人和谐平等的民主自由社会的理想。这是我希望能为之而活、看到它实现的理想。但如果需要的话，这也是我愿意为之献出生命的理想。

Mr. Mandela, then 46 years old, spent the next 18 years on Robben Island, a former leper colony turned maximum-security prison.

当时46岁的曼德拉在罗本岛度过了随后的18年，该岛曾经是隔离麻风病人的地方，后来被改为安保极为严密的监狱。

He entered Robben Island a militant who had failed to topple a government, but came out as a leader who succeeded in building a new nation on a platform of peace and reconciliation among races. Mr. Mandela would later credit prison for uniting the country's future leaders, giving them time to talk through differences and forging a collective will to persevere. In an early sign of how he would reach across the political and racial divide, Mr. Mandela taught himself Afrikaans and used the language to charm his guards-and elicit more sympathetic treatment.

他进入罗本岛时还是一个未能推翻政府的激进分子，然而出狱后却成为了一名领袖人物，成功地在种族和平与和谐平台上构建了一个新国家。曼德拉后来认为，是监狱让南非未来的领导人们联合起来，让他们有时间讨论分歧、打造一个集体意志以坚持下来。曼德拉自学了南非白人使用的荷兰语，用这种语言感化他的看守，并获得了更好的待遇，这是显示他将如何跨越政治和种族分歧的早期信号。

In general, though, conditions were harsh and just as segregated as the nation. Blacks were low men on the totem pole, forced to wear shorts-the uniform of young boys-while quarrying limestone and collecting seaweed. In a battle with wardens over the right to wear long pants, Mr. Mandela spent weeks in solitary the biggest battle he waged in prison was for the survival of the antiapartheid movement, and that was one he fought with other political prisoners. What he learned, Mr. Mandela said, was the value of banding together to share information, to endure hardships and to defy efforts to break the human spirit. Outside, the struggle in South Africa had grown increasingly violent. ANC and other antiapartheid fighters were arrested, detained, and tortured. Mr. Mandela became the face who transcended fragmented freedom movements.

然而整体上，监狱里的条件非常严酷，而且种族隔离的程度也与整个国家一样。黑人低人一等，在采石和收集海藻时被迫穿着短裤──这是小男孩的装束。在向监狱长争取穿长裤权利的斗争中，曼德拉被关了几个星期的单独禁闭。然而他在狱中进行的最大斗争是为了反种族隔离运动的存续，而且他是与其他政治犯一同抗争。曼德拉说，他学到的是团结起来分享信息、忍受困苦、反抗破坏人文精神之举的价值。在监狱之外，南非的斗争已经越来越暴力。非国大成员和其他反种族隔离的斗士遭到逮捕、扣留和折磨。曼德拉超越了无组织的自由运动，将运动推升至又一个高度。

Mr. Mandela organized hunger strikes for improved conditions, and kept in touch with other ANC members by hiding messages in food bowls, matchboxes or under toilet seats.

曼德拉组织了绝食抗议，要求改善监狱环境，并通过将信息藏在饭碗、火柴盒或马桶座圈底下与其他非国大成员保持联系。

'It would be very hard, if not impossible, for one man alone to resist,' he later wrote in 'Long Walk to Freedom,' his autobiography. 'But the authorities' greatest mistake was to keep us together, for together our determination was reinforced.'

他后来在自传《漫漫自由路》(Long Walk to Freedom)中写道，独自一人抵抗会非常艰难，乃至不可能。但当局最大的错误是将我们关在一起，因为在一起之后，我们的意志更坚定了。

Mr. Mandela's greatest contribution was his decision to begin negotiations with the apartheid state while he was still in detention. The apartheid government, increasingly isolated internationally, was looking for a way out. South Africa kept negotiations secret, and Mr. Mandela didn't inform his ANC comrades.

曼德拉最伟大的贡献是在他入狱期间决定开始与种族隔离政府谈判。当时南非的种族隔离政府在国际上越来越孤立，正在寻求出路。南非的谈判秘密进行，曼德拉并未告知他在非国大的同志。

'There are times when a leader must move out ahead of the flock, go off in a new direction, confident he is leading his people the right way,' he wrote in his memoir.

他在回忆录中写道，有时领导人必须先于集体做出行动，前往新的方向，坚信自己引领的是正确的道路。

Five years of private meetings followed, with Mr. Mandela sitting down with various officials, and ultimately the president, Mr. de Klerk. In his opening speech to Parliament in 1990, Mr. de Klerk scrapped a ban on opposition parties and announced the release of political prisoners, including Mr. s later began between Mr. de Klerk's Afrikaner-led government and opposition parties, including Mr. Mandela's African National Congress.

随后是历时五年的秘密谈判，曼德拉面对众多官员，最终与南非总统德克勒克进行了谈判。1990年，德克勒克在向议会发表的开幕讲话中取消了对反对党的禁令，并宣布释放包括曼德拉在内的政治犯。南非白人领导的德克勒克政府和曼德拉领导的非国大等反对党随后展开谈判。

'The season of violence is over,' Mr. de Klerk said at the time. 'The time for reconstruction and reconciliation has arrived.'

德克勒克当时称，靠暴力解决问题的时代已经一去不复返，重建国家以及和解的大幕正在拉开。

Mr. Mandela was released on Feb. 11, 1990, under a blue sky. He emerged from the prison gates and raised his fist to a roar from the crowds who had gathered to greet him.

1990年2月11日是一个晴朗的日子，曼德拉在这天重获自由。他走出监狱大门，向聚集在门外欢呼迎接他的民众举起拳头。

Many whites supported Mr. Mandela, and had joined protests for his release. But there remained unresolved anger from blacks over the apartheid state.

许多白人也支持曼德拉，加入了要求当局释放曼德拉的抗议活动。即便如此，种族隔离的阴霾仍然笼罩在南非黑人的心头。

Blacks continued to stage protests, while ethnic tensions also flared. Armed with guns and knives, mostly Zulu supporters of the Inkatha Freedom Party fought ANC loyalists in bloody street battles. At a time when Mr. Mandela had hoped officials could put aside distrust and differences, South Africa was swept up in violence derailed talks even before they began. Mr. Mandela balked at engaging the apartheid government after police in March 1990 fired on unarmed protesters outside Johannesburg, killing 12. Mr. Mandela said he told Mr. de Klerk he couldn't 'talk about negotiations on the one hand and murder our people on the other.' After a four-year transitional government, elections were held on April 27, 1994, open for the first time in South Africa's history to all men and women of voting age. Mr. Mandela was elected president.

南非的黑人继续组织抗议活动，种族间的紧张关系一触即发。英卡塔自由党(Inkatha Freedom Party)主要为祖鲁族的支持者们手持枪械、刀具，与非国大成员展开血腥巷战。当曼德拉希望政府摒弃互相猜忌和差异化的时候，南非正陷入暴力冲突的混战。对话的希望就这样被扼杀在了襁褓之中。1990年3月警察在约翰内斯堡郊外朝手无寸铁的抗议者射击，造成12人丧生，这件事让曼德拉拒绝与种族隔离政府接触。曼德拉说，当时他告诉德克勒克，一边说要谈判、一边却对人民举起屠刀，这样的事他做不到。南非过渡政府运转四年之后，于1994年4月27日举行大选，这是南非历史上首次达到选举年龄的男女都可参加的大选。曼德拉在此次大选中当选为南非总统。

In 1996, he and his wife divorced. Winnie Mandela was a popular antiapartheid figure in her own right but one whose alleged involvement in human-rights abuses and corruption had left her tainted. Mr. Mandela, though, chastised himself for not being around during his two decades in prison, leaving Winnie to raise their children largely alone.

1996年，曼德拉与其妻子温妮?曼德拉(Winnie Mandela)离婚。温妮也是一位反种族隔离的知名斗士，但她被指牵涉侵犯人权及腐败，导致声名受损。曼德拉自责在被囚禁的20年中未能陪伴家人，令温妮独自一人抚养子女。

'I personally never regret the life [Winnie] and I tried to share together,' Mr. Mandela told reporters at a news conference announcing his separation in 1992. 'Circumstances beyond our control however dictated it should be otherwise.'After nearly three decades in prison, Mr. Mandela was viewed by many as a political saint, although he was the first to dismiss such sterile descriptions.'Never forget that a saint is a sinner who keeps on trying,' he wrote in a 1975 letter to Winnie from prison that he quoted in his book 'Conversations With Myself.' But by ending white minority rule peacefully, through compromises with Mr. de Klerk, Mr. Mandela set a new standard for resolving conflicts far beyond South Africa. He showed how nations divided by ethnic, racial and religious violence and hate may begin to come together, even if that process at home has been more painful and taken longer than most people had hoped.

1992年宣布离婚的新闻发布会上，曼德拉对媒体表示，他自己从不后悔和温妮相持相伴走过的光阴，但事态已不受掌控。在被囚将近三十年后，曼德拉在许多人的心中已俨然一位政坛圣人，他本人则对这种顶礼膜拜不以为然。他在自传《与自己对话》(Conversations With Myself)里提到了1975年他从监狱写给温妮的信，其中写道，不要忘了，一个圣人也只是一个不断赎罪的有罪之人。但通过与德克勒克达成妥协，从而和平终结了白人统治，曼德拉为解决南非之外其他地区的冲突树立了新的标杆。他向世人展示出，一个因种族、人种、宗教暴力和仇恨而分裂的国家也可以团结起来，即使斗争进程比大多数人期望的更为痛苦、也耗费了更长时间。

Unlike many African leaders hailed as heroes and freedom fighters, Mr. Mandela stepped down from office after only one term. He established three foundations in his name, dedicated to tolerance and preserving the history of the antiapartheid fight. He married his third wife, Gra?a Machel, on his 80th birthday, and settled into a spacious home in a leafy suburb of Johannesburg.

与许多被誉为英雄和自由斗士的非洲领导人不同，曼德拉只担任了一届总统便急流勇退。他以自己的名义成立了三个基金会，致力于保留南非反种族隔离斗争的历史。他在80岁生日时迎娶了第三任太太格拉萨?马歇尔(Graca Machel)，在约翰内斯堡树木茂盛的郊外一所大房子中颐养天年。

In the last years of his life, Mr. Mandela largely retreated from public view, spending time with his children and grandchildren in the rural village of Qunu in the Eastern Cape, not far from where he was born.

人生中的最后几年曼德拉基本退出了公众视野，在东开普省库努的一个小山村里含饴弄孙。此处离他出生之地不远。

Mr. Mandela's hospital visits sparked bouts of panic in government and the media. The anxiety underscored how hungry the public remained for information about the former political prisoner who became the country's first black president, a transition that changed how the world viewed South Africa and how South Africans viewed themselves.

曼德拉到医院就诊的消息引发政府和媒体的担心。这种焦虑反映出南非群众仍然急切想知道曼德拉现况的心情。这位成为南非首位黑人总统的前政治犯改变了世界看南非的方式，也扭转了南非人对其自身的看法。