普京“下令”采取措施,为击垮美国选举信任并帮助特朗普

Declassified report says Putin ‘ordered’ effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump

经解密的报告：普京“下令”采取措施，为击垮美国选举信仰并帮助特朗普

President-elect Donald Trump talks to reporters at Mar-a-Lago on Dec. 28 in Palm Beach, Fla. (Ricky Carioti/The Washington Post)

当选总统特朗普于12月28日在佛罗里达州棕榈海滩Mar-a-Lago俱乐部前发表演讲（Ricky Carioti/华盛顿邮报）

Russia carried out a comprehensive cyber campaign to sabotage the U.S. presidential election, an operation that was ordered by Russian President Vladi-mir Putin and ultimately sought to help elect Donald Trump, U.S. Intelligence agencies concluded in a remarkably blunt assessment released Friday.

周五一份解密了的美国情报机构报告向公众发布。其中直言：经普京总统下令，俄罗斯对美国大选进行了全方位的网络攻击，最终是为了特朗普当选。

The report depicts Russian interference as unprecedented in scale, saying that Moscow’s role represented “a significant escalation in directness, level of activity, and scope of effort” beyond previous election-related espionage.

该报告将俄罗斯的干预描述为“规模空前”，并称，俄罗斯的行动“在活动程度和干预范围上都出现了明显的增加趋势”，超越了以往与选举相关的情报活动。

The campaign initially sought to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, “denigrate” Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton and damage her expected presidency. But in time, Russia “developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump” and repeatedly sought to artificially boost his election chances.

此番活动最初是为了瓦解公众对美国民主进程的信仰，“诋毁”民主党总统候选人希拉里，并中伤其预期的总统任期。但俄罗斯之后“表现出对现当选总统特朗普明显的偏重”，并不断人为地寻求增加其当选机会。

The report released to the public is an abbreviated version of a highly classified multiagency assessment requested by President Obama. Even so, it amounts to an extraordinary postmortem of a Russian assault on a pillar of American democracy.

应奥巴马总统要求，由多部门作出了一份绝密报告，向公众公开的只是该报告的删节版。即使如此，这也是对俄罗斯向美国民主支柱袭击后的一场深刻反思。

The 14-page document made public also serves as an explicit rebuttal to Trump’s repeated assertions that U.S. spy agencies cannot determine who was responsible for a hacking operation that extracted thousands of emails from Democratic Party computer networks and dumped them into public view via the WikiLeaks website.

该14页的公开报告也是为了明确反驳特朗普的指责，其曾反复断言美国谍报机构查不清谁应为数以千计的民主党电子邮件遭泄露，经由维基解密向大众公开的黑客事件负责。

U.S. intelligence agencies released a declassified version of their report on Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. election on Jan. 6, just hours after President-elect Donald Trump was briefed by American officials. (Video: Peter Stevenson: The Washington Post/Photo: Jabin Botsford/The Washington Post)

美国情报机构于1月6日就俄罗斯对2016年美国总统选举干涉活动发布了一份删节版报告，几小时前当选总统特朗普刚被美国官员传问。（视频：Peter Stevenson 图片：Jabin Botsford 华盛顿邮报）

In the report, the CIA, FBI and Office of the Director of National Intelligence concluded with “high confidence” that Russian intelligence services penetrated numerous computer systems tied to U.S. political parties and then “relayed” the email troves to WikiLeaks.

CIA、FBI、国家情报局在该份报告中“十分确定”的认为：俄罗斯情报机构渗入到巨量美国政党相关的电脑，并将其中的电子邮件“中转”去维基解密。

Trump emerged from a briefing by the nation’s top intelligence officials on the contents of the report acknowledging at least the possibility that Russia was behind election-related hacks. But he offered no indication that he was prepared to accept their conclusions that Moscow sought to help him win.

特朗普经美情报高官就该报告的询问表明其至少知道俄罗斯在幕后操纵选举相关的黑客事件。但他并未表示接受情报高官们的结论，那就是俄罗斯帮助他赢得选举。

Instead, Trump said in a statement that while Russia, China and other countries and groups may have sought to breach Democratic and Republican computer systems, “there was absolutely no effect on the outcome of the election.”

相反，特朗普在一份声明中称，尽管俄罗斯，中国或者其他国家和组织可能想破坏民主党和共和党的计算机，“但对选举的结果肯定没有任何影响。”

The report did not address that issue. It was presented to Trump by officials including Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper Jr., CIA Director John Brennan and FBI Director James B. Comey.

由国家情报局局长James R. Clapper Jr，CIA局长John Brennan，FBI局长James B. Comey等多位高官提供给特朗普的该报告并未涉及此问题。

Trump also said that “there was no tampering whatsoever with voting machines.” That appeared to be consistent with the findings of the report, although it noted that Russia “obtained and maintained access” to numerous election systems that “were not involved in vote tallying.”

特朗普还称，“投票机没有遭到丝毫篡改。”这与报告中的结论大致相同，报告尽管指出俄罗斯“获得并持有”对巨量选举计算机的访问权限，但“并未影响计票。”

A footnote on the document said that the conclusions contained in the declassified draft were “identical to those in the highly classified assessment but this version does not include the full supporting information on key elements of the influence campaign.”

公开版的报告中的一处脚注称，文章得出的结论“与绝密版报告完全一致，只是该版并不含有针对影响干涉选举活动关键因素的支撑证据。”

Obama commissioned the report shortly after the Nov. 8 election, and recently ordered a series of retaliatory measures including new economic sanctions, the expulsion of dozens of suspected Russian intelligence operatives from the United States and the closure of two Russian-owned compounds in the country.

奥巴马在11月8日大选后不久就委托多部门起草该报告，并在最近采取了一系列报复性措施，包括新的经济制裁，驱逐了十数名怀疑为俄罗斯情报组织工作的人员，还关停了美国两处俄罗斯所有的设施。

The Post’s Adam Entous reports that U.S. intelligence agencies intercepted electronic communications, known as “signals intelligence,” in which top Russian officials celebrated the outcome of the U.S. election. (Bastien Inzaurralde/The Washington Post)

记者Adam Entous称美国情报机构拦截到俄罗斯高官庆祝美国大选结果的电讯信号。（Bastien Inzaurralde/华盛顿邮报）

The report was met with mixed reactions from senior lawmakers. Sen. Richard Burr (R-N.C.), the chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, described the Russian activities cited in the report as “a troubling chapter in an ongoing story, and I expect that our nation’s leaders will counter these activities appropriately.”

此报告引起了在资深议员中引起了多种反应。参议院情报委员会主席Sen. Richard Burr（共和党全国委员会）将报告中描绘俄罗斯活动称为“当今社会中糟糕的一章，我希望我国领导人能采取合适措施反制此类活动。”

His counterpart in the House, Rep. Devin Nunes (R-Calif.), used the report to criticize Obama, saying that the House Intelligence Committee “has been warning the Obama administration for years about the need for stronger measures against Russia . . . but our warnings largely fell on deaf ears.”

众议院中也有类似言论，共和党议员Devin Nunes（共和党加州委员会），引用该报告批评奥巴马，并称众议院情报委员会“已经年累月警告过奥巴马政府需要对俄罗斯采取更强硬措施...但我们的警告很大程度上被置若罔闻了。”

The public version of the report does not explicitly mention some of the most sensitive pieces of intelligence that helped analysts reach their conclusions. U.S. officials have said that spy agencies identified certain “actors” involved in the cyber offensive, believe Russia was far more focused on penetrating and exploiting Democratic systems, and intercepted communications making clear that top Russian officials congratulated themselves on Trump’s win.

公开版的报告也没有明确提及一些最为敏感的关键信息，以使其他分析师得出与美情报机构相同的结论。美高官声称情报机构已经甄别出网络攻击中特定的“参与者”，并相信俄罗斯远不仅仅只想渗透、利用民主党计算机系统，而且截获的通讯信息显示俄罗斯高官们在特朗普赢得大选后互相道贺。

One of the report’s key judgments is that “Putin and the Russian government aspired to help President-elect Trump’s election chances when possible by discrediting Secretary Clinton and publicly contrasting her unfavorably to him.”

报告的另一关键结论是“普京以及俄罗斯政府希冀在有可能的时候帮助特朗普赢得选举，方式包括败坏前国务卿希拉里的名声，以对她不利的方式与特朗普进行公开对比。”

Moscow did so in part because it “developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump,” who as a candidate repeatedly praised Putin and advocated policies in Syria and Europe strongly favored by the Kremlin.

莫斯科之所以这样做，部分原因是其“对当选总统特朗普产生了明显的偏爱”，他作为候选人时经常夸奖普京，主张的对叙利亚政策也很受克林姆林宫欢迎。

But the report also attributed Russia’s efforts to Putin’s hostility toward Clinton, a former senator and secretary of state whom he blamed for inciting mass protests against his government in 2011 and 2012.

但报告同时将俄罗斯的行动归结于普京对希拉里的敌视，他曾指责这名前参议员和国务卿在2011年和2012年煽动群众抗议普京政府。

Overall, the report describes a multipronged campaign that involved not only hacking, but overt propaganda on Russian-controlled news platforms and the extensive use of social media and even “trolls” to amplify voter discord in the United States and encourage opposition to Clinton.

总而言之，报告表述了一场多管齐下的干涉活动，不仅包括黑客进攻，还有通过俄罗斯掌控的新闻平台大肆报道，社交媒体的广泛应用，甚至通过“引战党”刺激美国选民间的矛盾并鼓励支持希拉里的反对者。

Despite those exertions, Russia appears to have concluded that a Clinton victory was inevitable right up until election night. As a result, Moscow focused on finding ways to undercut Clinton’s legitimacy if she won.

尽管有如此多努力，俄罗斯直到大选夜前似乎认为希拉里当选已成定局。若是如此，俄罗斯政府会致力于想尽办法质疑希拉里当选的合法性。

One of the more colorful notes in the report describes how “pro-Kremlin bloggers had prepared a Twitter campaign, #DemocracyRIP, on election night,” then had to shelve it when Trump won.

更有意思的是，报告称“亲俄派博客主已准备在选举夜组织一场推特活动，#皿煮已死。”之后因特朗普当选而不得不取消。

The document traces interference efforts that began with inconspicuous probes of U.S. electoral systems in early 2014, carried through the election, and may still be underway.

报告称可追朔的干涉活动始于2014年对美国选举制度的小手脚，贯穿整场选举，并可能仍在实施。

Russian intelligence agencies first gained access to Democratic National Committee networks in July 2015, the report says. Russia’s miliary intelligence service, known as the GRU, “probably” expanded its efforts in March 2016, going after the email accounts of Democratic Party officials and other political figures.

根据报告，俄罗斯情报机构在2015年7月第一次获得了民主党全国委员会网络系统的接入许可。俄罗斯军事情报组织，也被称为GRU（译注：原苏军总参谋部情报总局），“很可能”在2016年3月加大力度，追踪民主党官员和其他政治人物的邮箱帐号。

By May, the GRU had stolen what the report describes as “large volumes of data from the DNC.” In the ensuing months, chunks of that trove began to appear on websites including WikiLeaks, generating a steady stream of headlines that embarrassed Democrats and kept voter attention on Clinton’s email controversy.

到5月，根据报告，GRU已窃取了“海量的民主党全国委员会数据。”接下来的数月，珍贵信息开始出现在如维基解密之类的网站，并不断成为新闻头条，使选民的注意力集中在希拉里邮件门的论战上。

Putin has repeatedly denied that Russia was responsible for the hacked emails. In an interview with the New York Times on Friday, Trump called the sustained focus on the issue a “political witch hunt.”

普京已再三否认过俄罗斯应就邮件门事件负责。且特朗普在周五接受纽约时报的采访中表示，对这一事件的持续关注是一种“政治迫害。”

The intelligence assessment also drew the most direct line to date between Putin’s desire to aid Trump’s campaign and Russia’s policies and objectives in Syria and Ukraine. In both cases, it said, Putin “indicated a preference for President-elect Trump’s stated policy to work with Russia, and pro-Kremlin figures spoke highly about what they saw as his Russia-friendly positions” in those two countries.

此份报告还将普京希望援助特朗普竞选活动的时间，与俄罗斯对叙利亚和乌克兰政策及目标出台时间作了直接联系。在这两件事中，普京“表现出了对特朗普愿与俄罗斯协作的政策的认同，而且亲俄派人物也高度评价所看到的特朗普的亲俄立场。”

Putin is also eager for relief from economic sanctions imposed on Russia for its support of separatist forces in Ukraine and its annexation of Crimea.

普京也渴求解除因俄支持乌克兰分离主义者和吞并克里米亚而受到的经济制裁。

As recently as this week, Trump appeared to be siding with WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange — who has denied that his website got purloined emails from Russia — over the determinations of the CIA and FBI.

就在本周，特朗普似乎就CIA和FBI关于阿桑奇的决定上与其站在一边，这名维基解密的创建者否认他的网站从俄罗斯得到失窃的邮件。

The report provides new details about U.S. intelligence agencies’ view of WikiLeaks and its relationship with Russia. “We assess with high confidence that the GRU relayed material it acquired from the DNC and senior Democratic officials to WikiLeaks,” the report said. “Moscow most likely chose WikiLeaks because of its self-proclaimed reputation for authenticity.”

报告揭露了美情报机构对维基解密及其与俄罗斯关系的看法的新细节。“我们充分相信GRU将获取的民主党全国委员会和民主党高官的信息转递给维基解密，”报告还称：“莫斯科最可能选择的对象就是维基解密，因其关于信息可靠而自我吹嘘出的声誉。”

The report noted that none of the files passed to WikiLeaks contained “evident forgeries.”

报告指出，传递给维基解密的信息不包括“明显伪造”的文件。

The document said that “Guccifer 2.0,” the online identity of a hacker purportedly involved in the campaign, “made multiple contradictory statements and false claims about his likely Russian identity throughout the election.” It was the document’s clearest indication that U.S. spy agencies believe they have identified him.

“Guccifer 2.0,” 某黑客的代号，据传参与了此次行动，“其作出了多份矛盾的陈述，还在选举过程中就俄罗斯身份发出过伪造证明。”这就是该报告中，美国情报机构相信他们已经锁定此人最明确的表达。

In some ways, Russia’s intervention in the 2016 election is consistent with a long-standing pattern that traces back to the Soviet Union of espionage against prominent politicians and policymakers in the United States. U.S. spy agencies also devote significant resources to gathering intelligence on Putin and his subordinates.

从某种角度看，俄罗斯对2016大选的干预与其在苏联时代的一贯做法一脉相承，那时其已向美国著名政治家和决策者进行谍报活动。同时，美国情报机构也花费大量资源搜集普京及其下属的情报。

The report suggests that beyond his animosity toward Clinton, Putin may also have been driven by his own conviction that Moscow has been repeatedly targeted with embarrassing leaks that he attributes to the United States, including the Panama Papers files that showed how wealthy individuals close to the Kremlin had hidden their fortunes, as well as material that helped expose the doping scandal among Russia’s Olympic athletes.

除开普京本人对希拉里的敌意，他可能还有其他考量，普京认为美国造成了俄罗斯政府数次的泄露事件，让其相当难堪，比如巴拿马文件，揭示出与克林姆林宫关系密切的富豪们如何隐匿自己的财富，还如俄罗斯运动员兴奋剂丑闻的曝出。

Putin’s success in using cyber capabilities and propaganda to disrupt a U.S. presidential race is likely to embolden him to mount similar operations against the United States and its allies in the future. “We assess Russian intelligence services will continue to develop capabilities to provide Putin with options to use against the United States,” the report said.

普京成功运用网络能力和宣传机器混乱一场美国大选可能促使他将来对美国及其盟友展开相似行动。报告最后指出“我们预计俄罗斯情报机构将继续发展网络能力，以供普京可以对抗美国。”

Karen DeYoung and Julie Tate contributed to this report.

本报道由Karen DeYoung和Julie Tate协力撰稿。