中英双语话历史 第18期:东周(重大历史事件)

Meetings to Put Down the war ：In the middle of the Spring and Autumn, the contention between Jin and Chu intensified, endless wars brought nothing but disasters to the people, and small states also got tired of tionally, Jin and Chu matched each other in strength, so it was impossible for them to wipe out the opponent.

弭兵之会:春秋中期，晋、楚争霸激烈。连续不断的战争给人民带来巨大的灾难，也引起中小国家的厌倦，加以晋楚两大国势均力敌，谁都无法吃掉对方。

Therefore, in 579 B. C. and again in 546 B. C. , the state of Song, which had suffered enormously from the warfare among the big states, called a peace conference to stop wars. It succeeded in attaining its goal that the two big states Jin and Chu shared the hegemony equally.

于是饱受大国战争之苦的宋,于周简王七年(.公元前579年）和周灵王二十六年（公元 前546年），发起举行了两次弭兵会盟，晋楚两国平分了霸权。

Since then, wars decreased greatly, which was good to help all states to restore and develop economy, and stabilize the people's life.

从此，战争大大减少。这种形势对恢复、发展各国的社会经济，安定人民的生活，都有很大的好处。

The collapse of the well fields system and the emergence of the private ownership of lands brought out great changes in politics.

井田制的瓦解和土地私有制的产生引起政治上的巨大变化。

Many lords were trapped in warfare, which led to financial difficulties and a declining authority, while nobles took the possession of vast lands, mastering mighty political and military power, a result, contradictions continued to sharpen between the sovereign and the nobles ,even among the nobles themselves.

许多诸侯长期陷于争战之中，经济困难,政治权力日弱，而卿大夫却拥有大量的土地,掌握了强大的政治、军事权力。为此诸侯王与卿大夫等贵族势力之间的矛盾，以及贵族之间的矛盾不断激化。

The most representative events were the division of Jin by three clans—Han, Zhao and Wei and the expedition against Qi from the Tians.

其中最有代表性的事件是“韩、赵、魏三家分晋”和“田氏代齐”。

The Division of Jin by Three Families： In the middle of the Spring and Autumn ,the regime of the state Jin had been controlled by six ministers gradually.

三家分晋:在春秋中期，晋的政权已逐渐为六卿所控制。

The so-called six ministers refer to the six noble families, Zhao, Han, Wei, Zhi, Fan and Zhonghang.

所谓六卿，就是赵、 韩、魏、知、范、中行氏六家。

Later the Fan and Zhonghang families collapsed due to the joint efforts of the other four families.

后来，赵、韩、魏、知四家联合起来，消灭了范氏和中行氏。

In 453 B. C. , Zhao, Wei and Han divided Zhi among them. The political power and the Lands were then set for the three remaining families to divide whenever they liked.

至公元前453年，赵、韩、魏三家又联合起来，消灭了知氏，晋国的政权就控制在这三家手中，晋国的绝大部分土地也在他们的控制之下。

In 403 B. C. , the King Weilie of Zhou recognized the three families, Han, Zhao and Wei as vassals, and the state Jin existed in name only.

公元前403年，周威烈王承认韩、赵、魏三家为诸侯，晋国名存实亡。

After this, Han, Zhao and Wei evolved into strong states in the central plain ； consequently Jin disappeared.

此后韩、 赵、魏成为中原大国，晋亡。

It marks the beginning of the Warring States Period.

战国时期也由此开始。

The Tians Attacked ： Qi Like Jin, the noble families in Qi grew in power after the death of Duke Huan.

田氏代齐:同晋国一样，齐桓公死后，齐国的贵族势力逐渐强大起来。

Among them were Guo, Gao, Yan and Tian, the last one Tian was most powerful, eventually overwhelming all the others and controlled the state.

田氏是虢氏、高氏、鲍氏、晏氏等贵族中势力最强大的，并最终取代各家，把持朝政。

The Tian clan was the descendants of Chen.

田氏原是陈国后裔。

Under Duke Huan of Qi,they fled to Qi dodging the internal disorders.

在齐桓公时，为避陈之内争，逃来齐国。

In the middle of the Spring and Autumn, the influence of Tians was increasing.

春秋中期，田氏势力逐渐强大。

In 490 B. C. , Guo and Gao made Duke Tu the monarch after the death of Duke Jing.

公元前490年，齐景公死，贵族虢氏、高氏立景公的儿子公子荼为国君。

Tian Qi took this opportunity to launch an armed coup, defeated Guo and Gao, and then crowned Duke Yangsheng, anoth-er son of Duke Jing. Tian Qi became the prime minister.

田氏乘机发动武装政变，打败了虢氏、高氏，立景公的另一个儿子公子阳生为国君（齐悼公），田乞为相。

In 481 B. C. , Tian Chang, the son of Tian Qi, did the same thing again. He went as far as killing Duke Jian of Qi. From then on, Tians held the political power in Qi.

公元前481年，田常田乞之子又发动武装政变，并杀死了齐简公，政权完全控制在田氏手中。

It was in 391 B. C. , Tian He, the great-grandson of Tian Chang, replaced Duke Kang of Qi, and took the sovereign himself.

到田常的曾孙田和时，其于公元前391年废掉齐康公，自立为国君。