2020年托福阅读官方评分标准

进入2020年，相信有很多的新同学加入到托福备考中来。对于具体的托福阅读的评分标准，大家可能不是很清楚。因此本站为大家整理了相关的内容，让大家更好地了解阅读分数的评分标准。

新托福阅读考试共三篇文章,每篇12-14道题,如果遇到加试时从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分。在这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的“totalpoints”。除重要观点题和归类题以外，每道题的分值都是1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。考试所得分数范围：0-30分。

托福阅读应该计算实际拿到多少原始分“Raw PointTotal(0-45)”，再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以新托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。

每篇文章700个字，对应14道题目。其中，13道题是基础信息和推断题，每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题，俗称大题，满分2分。大题一般情况下是6选3，3个选项错一个扣一分，扣完为止，即在答题中错2或3个选项，这个题目不得分。

因此，每篇文章对应14个题目，共15分。阅读部分整体42道题，对应原始分数满分45分。根据如下表格，将会给出原始分数与最终分数的对应。

　　托福阅读TPO33第2篇:铁路和商品化农业

Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century UnitedStates

【1】By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroadtrack; Ten years later it had over 30,000 miles, more than the rest of the worldcombined. Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurRed west of theAppalachian Mountains—over 2,000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinoisalone.

【2】The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through theeconomy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they couldmarket in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufacturedgoods that earlier they might have made at home. Before the railroad reachedTennessee, the state produced about 25,000 bushels (or 640 tons) of wheat, whichsold for less than 50 cents a bushel. Once the railroad came, farmers in thesame counties grew 400,000 bushels (over 10,000 tons) and sold their crop at adollar a bushel.

【3】The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. In1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to thebustling port of New Orleans. But low water made steamboat travel hazardous insummer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. Products such as lard, tallow, andcheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans’ hot and humid easingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new raillines. Chicago became the region’s hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwestto New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued toincrease, the South’s overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.

【4】A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in theNortheast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented. Wheat, which in 1845commanded $1.08 a bushel in New York City, fetched $2.46 in 1855; in similarfashion the price of corn nearly doubled. Farmers responded by specializing incash crops, borrowing to purchase more land, and investing in equipment toincrease productivity.

【5】As railroad lines fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire openprairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soilinto production. Commercial agriculture transformed this remarkable treelessenvironment. To settlers accustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands ofsquare miles of tall grass were an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye,and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person. Because eastern plowscould not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliestsettlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from theprairie. In 1837, however, John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow thatsliced through the sod without soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormickrefined a mechanical reaper that harvested fourteen times more wheat with thesame amount of labor. By the 1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a yearand could not keep up with demand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plowsannually.

【6】The new commercial farming fundamentally altered the Midwesternlandscape and the environment. Native Americans had grown corn in the region foryears, but never in such large fields as did later settlers who became farmers,whose surpluses were shipped east. Prairie farmers also introduced new cropsthat were not part of the earlier ecological system, notably wheat, along withfruits and vegetables.

【7】Native grasses were replaced by a small number of plants cultivated ascommodities. Corn had the best yields, but it was primarily used to feedlivestock. Because bread played a key role in the American and European diet,wheat became the major cash crop. Tame grasses replaced native grasses inpastures for making hay.

【8】Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires thathad kept the prairie free from trees. In the absence of these fires, treesreappeared on land not in cultivation and, if undisturbed, eventually formedwoodlots. The earlier unbroken landscape gave way to independent farms, eachfenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem ofanimals, woodlots, and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farmsmore efficient than the more-irregular farms in the East.

　　托福阅读TPO33题目第2篇:铁路和商品化农业

rding to paragraph 1, each of the following is true about railroadtrack in the United States EXCEPT:

1850 the United States had less than 10,000 miles of railroadtrack.

the end of the 1850s, Ohio and Illinois contained more railroad trackthan any other state in the country.

of the railroad track built in the United States during the 1850swas located west of the Appalachian Mountain.

1860 there were more miles of railroad track in the United States thanin any other country.

can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the new railroads had which ofthe following effects on farm communities?

new farms were located along the tracks.

ers began to grow wheat as a commercial corp.

farmers decided to grow a wider variety of crops.

nd for manufactured goods increased among farmers.

word "bustling" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaningto

us.

rtant.

ing.

.

rding to paragraph 3, in what way did the new rail networks changewestern trade?

hwestern farmers almost completely stopped shipping goods bysteamboat.

western goods began to be shipped east by way of Chicago rather thansouth to New Orleans.

ago largely replaced New York and other eastern cities as the finalmarket for goods for the West.

value of goods shipped west soon became greater than the value ofgoods shipped east.

rding to paragraph 3, what was a disadvantage of shipping goods fromnorthwestern areas to New Orleans?

e was no reliable way to get goods from New Orleans to easterncities.

cost of shipping goods by river to New Orleans continued toincrease.

s shipped from New Orleans' neighboring areas had a significantcompetitive advantage because of their lower transportation costs.

temperatures and humidity.

graph 4 supports the idea that the price of wheat more than doubledbetween 1845 and 1855 because

price of corn nearly doubled during that same period.

nd for grain increased sharply outside the United States.

ers in the Northeast and Midwest began to specialize in cashcrops.

farmers had borrowed heavily to purchase land and equipment forraising wheat.

word "transformed" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaningto

nated.

ged.

oved.

ted.

word "erected" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaningto

ed for.

d on.

erred.

t.

does author point out that "Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and nativebig bluestem all grew higher than a person"(paragraph 5)?

provide a reason why people from the eastern woodlands of the UnitedStates were impressed when they saw the prairie.

identify an obstacles to the development of the railroad lines fanningout from Chicago.

explain why the transformation of the prairies by commercialagriculture was so remarkable.

provide evidence supporting the claim that the prairies had fertile,deep black soil.

rding to paragraph 5, the first settlers generally did not farm openprairie land because

could not plow it effectively with the tools that wereavailable.

rie land was usually very expensive to buy.

soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was morefertile than the soil of the open prairie.

railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the firstsettlers arrived.

word "surpluses" in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaningto

a goods

ercial goods

ocessed goods

sportable goods

rding to paragraph 8, prairie farmers changed the landscape by doingall of the following EXCEPT:

cing annual fires.

ding the land into large, regularly-shaped lots.

ting trees that eventually formed woodlots.

ing off their farms.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentencecould be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The problemswere not limited to routes of transport.

The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. ■【A】In1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to thebustling port of New Orleans. ■【B】But low water made steamboat travel hazardousin summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. ■【C】Products such as lard,tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans' hot and humidwarehouses. ■【D】Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, overthe new rail lines. Chicago became the region's hub, linking the farms of theupper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles oftrack in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleanscontinued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade droppeddramatically.

14. Prose Summary

The huge expansion of rail lines in Midwestern United States during the1850s had major economic and environmental effects.

truction of new rail lines into the Midwest had been effectivelystopped by the Appalachian Mountains, but by 1850 improved constructiontechnology had made further advances possible.

lines to Chicago and on to the East made it easier to get Midwesterngoods to distant markets, while growing demand encouraged crop specializationand led to higher crop prices.

use of the growing volume of traffic coming by rail from theNortheast and Midwest, the value of goods arriving in New Orleans for shipmentto markets abroad increased dramatically.

ss to rail lines combined with the development of more-efficientfarming equipment allowed e fertile land of the open prairies to be used forlarge-scale commercial agriculture.

ction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and nativegrasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbrokengrasslands were divided into large fenced fields.

ve Americans had grown corn on the prairies for years but had notproduced large surpluses because the varieties they planted had far pooreryields than those introduced by commercial farmers.

托福阅读TPO33第2篇答案:铁路和商品化农业

1.否定细节题：定位句 By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles ofrailroad track;对应 A 选项。定位句 Much of the new construction during the 1850soccurred west of the Appalachian Mountains E over 2.000 miles in the states ofOhio and Illinois alone.对应C选项，同时由于该句子中没有出 现有关Ohio andIllinois比较的相关信息.因此B选项错误。定位句then years later it had over 30,000 miles，more thanthe rest of the world combined. 对应D选项。

2.推断题：定位句The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through theeconomy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they couldmarket in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufacturedgoods that earlier they might have made athome.意思是说因为铁路建设带动了经济，农民开始有钱了，于是就开始买手工制品了。因此就可以推断出，农民有钱了就有了买东西的欲望和需求。

ling， 繁忙的，对应D。

4.细节题：定位句 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western ago became the legion's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to NewYork and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in1855.意思是铁路的建设转移了西方贸易的方向，芝加哥成为了贸易中心，取代了原先的新奥尔良。因此答案是B。

5.细节题：Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleanscontinued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade droppeddramatically.意思是说因为虽然货物本身的价值在增加，但是南部的市场份额却在下降，就暗示了越来越少人的人愿意通过该途径运货，即要么速度太慢要么成本太高。因此这道题的答案是B。

6.细节题：定位句A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers inthe Northeast and Midwest to become more commerciallyoriented.国外的粮食需求猛增，然后该段最后出现的结果就是价格上升。

sform，变形，对应B。

t，建立，对应D。

9.修辞目的题：定位句As railroad lilies fanned out from Chicago, farmers began toacquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deepblack soil into production.该段的主旨：农民将肥沃的黑土投入生产中，题干中的信息是一个具体的例子，表明的是具体的产物。

10.细节题：定位句 Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangledroots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundaryseparating the forest from the prairie.原因是梨不能穿透草地，因此答案只可能是A。

luses，剩余，多余的东西，选A。

12.否定细节题：定位句 Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annualfires that had kept the prairie free from trees.对应A选项。定位句The earlier unbrokenlandscape gave to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboardpattern.对应D选项。定位句 The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms. eachfenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem ofanimals, woodlots. and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farmsmore efficient than the more -irregular farms in the East, checkerboard pattern棋盘格样式，对应B选项。C选项错在没有提到planting trees。

13.句子插入题：原句的意思是问题不仅局限在道路运输上，因此我们可以推断出该句子的下一句应该会提到其他的问题，因此第三个方框满足要求。前面再讲水路问题，后面讲到了天气和湿度问题。插入的句子正好起到了承上启下的作用。

ss to rail lilies combined with the development of more - efficientfanning equipment allowed fertile land of the open prairies of the open prairiesto be used for large - scale commercialagriculture.正确。对应第二、五段，铁路的发展带动经济，农民获得土地，改进农作用具，提高农作物的产量。

Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and nativegrasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbrokengrasslands were decided into large fencedfields.正确。对应第八段主旨，农民通过各式各样的方法改变地貌，发展农业。

E正确。对应第三段主要内容 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of westerntrade. Chicago became the region's hub，linking the farms of the upper Midwest toNew York and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued toincrease, the South's overall share of western trade droppeddramatically.水利交通的没落和铁路运输的兴起。